Programming Language Comparison

Mr. Nikunj Gandhi
04BCA16 (TYBCA)

 

	Eiffel	Smalltalk	Ruby	Java	C#	C++	Python	Perl	Visual Basic
Object-Orientation	Pure	Pure	Pure	Hybrid	Hybrid	Hybrid / Multi-Paradigm	Hybrid	Add-On / Hybrid	Partial Support
Static / Dynamic Typing	Static	Dynamic	Dynamic	Static	Static	Static	Dynamic	Dynamic	Static
Generic Classes	Yes	N/A	N/A	No	No	Yes	N/A	N/A	No
Inheritance	Multiple	Single	Single class, multiple "mixins"	Single class, multiple interfaces	Single class, multiple interfaces	Multiple	Multiple	Multiple	None
Feature Renaming	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Method Overloading	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Operator Overloading	Yes	Yes?	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Higher Order Functions	Agents (with version 5)	Blocks	Blocks	No	No	No	Lambda Expressions	Yes (???)	No
Lexical Closures	Yes (inline agents)	Yes (blocks)	Yes (blocks)	No	No	No	Yes (since 2.1)	Yes	No
Garbage Collection	Mark and Sweep or Generational	Mark and Sweep or Generational	Mark and Sweep	Mark and Sweep or Generational	Mark and Sweep or Generational	None	Reference Counting	Reference Counting	Refeence Counting
Uniform Access	Yes	N/A	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
Class Variables / Methods	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Reflection	Yes (as of version 5)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes?	No
Access Control	Selective Export	Protected Data, Public Methods	public, protected, private	public, protected, "package", private	public, protected, private, internal, protected internal	public, protected, private, "friends"	Name Mangling	None	publi, priva-te
Design by Contract	Yes	No	Add-on	No	No	No	No	No	No
Multithreading	Implementation- Dependent	Implementation- Dependent	Yes	Yes	Yes	Libraries	Yes	No	No
Regular Expressions	No	No	Built-in	Standard Library	Standard Library	No	Standard Library	Built-in	No
Pointer Arithmetic	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Language Integration	C, C++, Java	C	C, C++, Java	C, some C++	All .NET Languages	C, Assembler	C, C++, Java	C, C++	C (via DCOM)
Built-In Security	No	No?	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No?	Yes (perlsec)	No
Capers Jones Language Level*	15	15	N/A	6	N/A	6	N/A	15	11

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